Author summary
0% 4 analyzed articles/videos 1,357 analyzed words
BS Summary: These Paul Williams results contain 36 faulty reasoning types, including Optimism Bias , Halo Effect , and Appeal to Authority , with Attempt to Sell a Product or Service as the most egregious example at 23.1% saturation with 2,139 hits . Analysis detected 14,393 faulty-reasoning hits from 9,252 analyzed words across 4 articles, generating a BS Score of 4.3% and a BS Rank of 78% (1,395 of 6,316 authors). This Paul Williams is worse (more manipulative) than 77.90% of the peer group. Paul Williams
Author details
Total words: 9,252
Article count: 4
Publications
Ranking context Position among analyzed authors
78% percentile 0 25 50 75 100 77.9% percentile 4.3% BS Score4 analyzed articles9.3K analyzed words
Reasoning profile Selected profile versus the sitewide rate
Highest rates Largest gaps
Shared scale 0–50%
0.0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Attempt to Sell a Product… Sitewide 0.5% Author 23.1% 23.1% Negativity Bias Sitewide 19.2% Author 0.7% 0.7% Framing Effect Sitewide 26.9% Author 8.8% 8.8% Optimism Bias Sitewide 6.0% Author 20.6% 20.6% Halo Effect Sitewide 6.7% Author 19.7% 19.7% Appeal to Emotion Sitewide 15.9% Author 6.1% 6.1% Biased Writer Voice Sitewide 5.3% Author 12.3% 12.3% In-Group Bias Sitewide 6.9% Author 0.6% 0.6% Availability Heuristic Sitewide 9.1% Author 3.1% 3.1% Anecdotal Sitewide 5.2% Author 0.2% 0.2% Sitewide departure map Above the diagonal means this profile uses the pattern more often
0.0% 0.0% 10% 10% 20% 20% 30% 30% 40% 40% 50% 50% Framing Effect: Author 8.8%, sitewide 26.9% Attempt to Sell a Product or Service: Author 23.1%, sitewide 0.5% Optimism Bias: Author 20.6%, sitewide 6.0% Halo Effect: Author 19.7%, sitewide 6.7% Negativity Bias: Author 0.7%, sitewide 19.2% Appeal to Emotion: Author 6.1%, sitewide 15.9% Appeal to Authority: Author 12.5%, sitewide 11.1% Biased Writer Voice: Author 12.3%, sitewide 5.3% Hasty Generalization: Author 10.2%, sitewide 8.1% Availability Heuristic: Author 3.1%, sitewide 9.1% Confirmation Bias: Author 3.2%, sitewide 7.5% In-Group Bias: Author 0.6%, sitewide 6.9% Anecdotal: Author 0.2%, sitewide 5.2% Overconfidence Bias: Author 4.9%, sitewide 4.6% Anchoring Bias: Author 1.8%, sitewide 4.0% Ambiguity (Equivocation): Author 4.0%, sitewide 0.8% Self-Serving Bias: Author 3.8%, sitewide 3.7% Post Hoc (False Cause): Author 3.0%, sitewide 3.3% Recency Bias: Author 1.9%, sitewide 2.7% Unattributed Quote: Author 2.6%, sitewide 1.1% Bandwagon: Author 1.6%, sitewide 2.2% Status Quo Bias: Author 1.4%, sitewide 2.2% Representativeness Heuristic: Author 1.6%, sitewide 1.9% Slippery Slope: Author 0.5%, sitewide 1.7% Framing Effect Sitewide rate Author rate Analyzed articles and videos Sort by Most recent Article rank - best Article rank - worst