STLPR0%

Judge rejects effort to strike Kehoe’s tax plan from the August primary ballot 25%

By Jason Rosenbaum0%

6/2/2026, 10:00:00 AM

BS Summary: This article contains 16 faulty reasoning types, including Negativity Bias, Confirmation Bias, and Hasty Generalization, with Appeal to Emotion as the most egregious example at 27.3% saturation with 86 hits. Analysis detected 500 faulty-reasoning hits from 315 analyzed words, generating a BS Score of 37.6% and a BS Rank of 25% (15,361 of 20,372 articles). This article is better (less manipulative) than 75.40% of the article peer group.

A Cole County judge rejected an effort to strike Gov. 
Mike Kehoe’s tax plan from the August 2026 primary ballot. 
Missourians are slated to decide the fate of Amendment 5, which, if approved by voters on Aug. 4, would allow the legislature to expand sales and use taxes as a means to eliminate the income tax. 
Soon after the legislature sent the measure to the ballot, opponents of the tax plan sued  contending that the proposed amendment changed multiple parts of the constitution and addressed more than one subject. 
It also called the ballot summary misleading. 
But Cole County Judge Christopher Limbaugh rejected all of the plaintiffs’ arguments on Monday  effectively letting the proposal remain on the ballot. 
“[The tax plan’s] central purpose is unmistakable and readily identifiable: the elimination of the state individual income tax through a coordinated restructuring of state and local taxation,” Limbaugh wrote. 
Limbaugh also wrote he found the ballot summary “to be sufficient and fair.” 
Chuck Hatfield, the attorney for the plaintiff, said he’s appealing the case immediately to the Missouri Court of Appeals. 
“Lawmakers failed to tell voters the truth about Amendment 5  it would mean the largest expansion of sales taxes in Missouri history, while giving lawmakers a license to ignore current constitutional taxpayer protections, including the citizens' right to vote on big tax increases,” Hatfield said in a statement. 
Attorney General Catherine Hanaway praised Limbaugh’s decision, calling it “a win for Missouri voters.” 
“We are proud to continue fighting for the right of voters to decide the future of tax policy in our state,” Hanaway said. 
“Missourians will have their say this August.” 
Kehoe moved Amendment 5 to the August primary ballot, along with three other proposed constitutional amendments. 
Appeals over Amendment 5 are expected to be complete before June 9. 
Article reasoning-pattern comparisonThis article: 15.6%Jason Rosenbaum: 2.4%Belleville News-Democrat: 2.4%Confirmation Bias15.6%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 0.6%Belleville News-Democrat: 1.2%Anchoring Bias0.0%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 2.3%Belleville News-Democrat: 2.7%Availability Heuristic0.0%This article: 11.4%Jason Rosenbaum: 1.1%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.8%Representativeness Heuristic11.4%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 0.3%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.5%Hindsight Bias0.0%This article: 3.8%Jason Rosenbaum: 1.8%Belleville News-Democrat: 1.4%Overconfidence Bias3.8%This article: 14.6%Jason Rosenbaum: 8.6%Belleville News-Democrat: 7.3%Framing Effect14.6%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 0.7%Belleville News-Democrat: 1.1%Loss Aversion0.0%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 1.4%Belleville News-Democrat: 1.0%Status Quo Bias0.0%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 0.1%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.3%Sunk Cost Effect0.0%This article: 2.2%Jason Rosenbaum: 3.6%Belleville News-Democrat: 4.8%Optimism Bias2.2%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 2.1%Belleville News-Democrat: 1.9%Pessimism Bias0.0%This article: 17.8%Jason Rosenbaum: 6.7%Belleville News-Democrat: 7.1%Negativity Bias17.8%This article: 7.3%Jason Rosenbaum: 3.5%Belleville News-Democrat: 3.1%Self-Serving Bias7.3%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 1.2%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.9%Fundamental Attribution Error0.0%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 0.3%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.2%Actor-Observer Bias0.0%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 3.0%Belleville News-Democrat: 2.2%In-Group Bias0.0%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 0.9%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.5%Out-Group Homogeneity Bias0.0%This article: 13.7%Jason Rosenbaum: 2.0%Belleville News-Democrat: 2.4%Halo Effect13.7%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 0.1%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.1%Horn Effect0.0%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 0.0%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.0%Dunning-Kruger Effect0.0%This article: 3.2%Jason Rosenbaum: 1.1%Belleville News-Democrat: 1.0%Recency Bias3.2%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 0.2%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.3%Primacy Effect0.0%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 0.1%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.1%Blind-Spot Bias0.0%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 1.5%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.5%Ad Hominem0.0%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 0.7%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.4%Straw Man0.0%This article: 4.1%Jason Rosenbaum: 3.0%Belleville News-Democrat: 3.6%Appeal to Authority4.1%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 1.6%Belleville News-Democrat: 1.3%False Dilemma0.0%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 2.1%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.9%Slippery Slope0.0%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 0.2%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.2%Circular Reasoning0.0%This article: 15.6%Jason Rosenbaum: 4.9%Belleville News-Democrat: 3.7%Hasty Generalization15.6%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 0.4%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.3%Red Herring0.0%This article: 6.7%Jason Rosenbaum: 1.0%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.7%Bandwagon6.7%This article: 27.3%Jason Rosenbaum: 7.2%Belleville News-Democrat: 6.6%Appeal to Emotion27.3%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 1.3%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.8%Begging the Question0.0%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 1.9%Belleville News-Democrat: 2.1%Post Hoc (False Cause)0.0%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 0.2%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.1%Tu Quoque0.0%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 0.5%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.4%Burden of Proof0.0%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 0.2%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.2%Appeal to Nature0.0%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 0.3%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.2%Composition/Division0.0%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 1.5%Belleville News-Democrat: 2.6%Anecdotal0.0%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 0.3%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.1%No True Scotsman0.0%This article: 9.2%Jason Rosenbaum: 1.3%Belleville News-Democrat: 1.3%Ambiguity (Equivocation)9.2%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 0.0%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.0%Gambler’s Fallacy0.0%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 0.1%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.1%Middle Ground0.0%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 0.0%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.1%Personal Incredulity0.0%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 0.2%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.2%Special Pleading0.0%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 0.1%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.2%Genetic Fallacy0.0%This article: 2.2%Jason Rosenbaum: 1.2%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.8%Unattributed Quote2.2%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 1.0%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.9%Quote-first Misdirection0.0%This article: 4.1%Jason Rosenbaum: 2.9%Belleville News-Democrat: 1.8%Biased Writer Voice4.1%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 1.3%Belleville News-Democrat: 1.1%Indoctrination0.0%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 1.8%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.8%Politically Left Leaning Bias0.0%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 1.7%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.2%Politically Right Leaning Bias0.0%This article: 0.0%Jason Rosenbaum: 0.1%Belleville News-Democrat: 0.7%Attempt to Sell a Product or S…0.0%

315 words analyzed.

Speakers

3speakers49%attributed speech161writer words
Voice mapSelect a segment to jump to its words
Writer's voice • 13 words • 100.0% coverageWriter's voice • 10 words • 0.0% coverageWriter's voice • 10 words • 0.0% coverageWriter's voice • 36 words • 0.0% coverageWriter's voice • 34 words • 0.0% coverageWriter's voice • 7 words • 100.0% coverageWriter's voice • 23 words • 0.0% coverageChristopher Limbaugh • 29 words • 0.0% coverageChristopher Limbaugh • 13 words • 0.0% coverageChuck Hatfield • 19 words • 0.0% coverageChuck Hatfield • 49 words • 0.0% coverageCatherine Hanaway • 14 words • 0.0% coverageCatherine Hanaway • 23 words • 0.0% coverageCatherine Hanaway • 7 words • 0.0% coverageWriter's voice • 16 words • 0.0% coverageWriter's voice • 12 words • 0.0% coverage
Selected voice

Chuck Hatfield

72%flagged-word coverage
68 attributed words44% of attributed speech69% writer coverage
0%5.0%10.0%Biased Writer Voice-8.1 ptsWriter: 8.1%Chuck Hatfield: 0.0%0.0%Unattributed Quote-4.3 ptsWriter: 4.3%Chuck Hatfield: 0.0%0.0%

Attribution is sentence-level. Pattern percentages are calculated only from words assigned to that voice.

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Analysis

Hover over highlighted words in the article to view the associated bias or fallacy analysis.