The Graham Conspiracy ⁠99%

By Nick Catoggio⁠23%

7/21/2026, 9:55:36 PM

BS Summary: This article contains 16 faulty reasoning types, including Framing Effect, Availability Heuristic, and Pessimism Bias, with Biased Writer Voice as the most egregious example at 100% saturation with 73 hits. Analysis detected 547 faulty-reasoning hits from 73 analyzed words, generating a BS Score of 98.6% and a BS Rank of ⁠99% (369 of 21,886 articles). This article is worse (more manipulative) than 98.30% of the article peer group.

American political history is the story of a people overthrowing a hereditary nobility and then doing more or less everything they can to re-create it. 
In our short existence we’ve had two sets of father-and-son presidents, another set who were related by blood and marriage, and we might well be on our third or fourth Kennedy in the White House if not for a series of murders, accidents, and cover-ups. 
Article reasoning-pattern comparisonThis article: 34.2%Nick Catoggio: 4.9%The Dispatch: 4.0%Confirmation Bias34.2%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.0%The Dispatch: 0.4%Anchoring Bias0.0%This article: 61.6%Nick Catoggio: 4.7%The Dispatch: 1.9%Availability Heuristic61.6%This article: 34.2%Nick Catoggio: 0.9%The Dispatch: 1.0%Representativeness Heuristic34.2%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.0%The Dispatch: 0.5%Hindsight Bias0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.0%The Dispatch: 1.8%Overconfidence Bias0.0%This article: 65.8%Nick Catoggio: 3.6%The Dispatch: 4.8%Framing Effect65.8%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 2.5%The Dispatch: 0.7%Loss Aversion0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.0%The Dispatch: 0.7%Status Quo Bias0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.0%The Dispatch: 0.0%Sunk Cost Effect0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.6%The Dispatch: 1.6%Optimism Bias0.0%This article: 61.6%Nick Catoggio: 2.8%The Dispatch: 2.7%Pessimism Bias61.6%This article: 4.1%Nick Catoggio: 10.9%The Dispatch: 5.3%Negativity Bias4.1%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 1.3%The Dispatch: 0.3%Self-Serving Bias0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.9%The Dispatch: 1.5%Fundamental Attribution Error0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.0%The Dispatch: 0.0%Actor-Observer Bias0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.0%The Dispatch: 0.8%In-Group Bias0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.0%The Dispatch: 0.5%Out-Group Homogeneity Bias0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.0%The Dispatch: 1.8%Halo Effect0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.0%The Dispatch: 0.2%Horn Effect0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.0%The Dispatch: 0.0%Dunning-Kruger Effect0.0%This article: 61.6%Nick Catoggio: 1.6%The Dispatch: 1.2%Recency Bias61.6%This article: 34.2%Nick Catoggio: 0.9%The Dispatch: 0.3%Primacy Effect34.2%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.0%The Dispatch: 0.2%Blind-Spot Bias0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 3.4%The Dispatch: 1.8%Ad Hominem0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.0%The Dispatch: 0.9%Straw Man0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.5%The Dispatch: 3.5%Appeal to Authority0.0%This article: 61.6%Nick Catoggio: 1.6%The Dispatch: 2.4%False Dilemma61.6%This article: 61.6%Nick Catoggio: 1.6%The Dispatch: 1.0%Slippery Slope61.6%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.0%The Dispatch: 0.2%Circular Reasoning0.0%This article: 34.2%Nick Catoggio: 7.2%The Dispatch: 6.1%Hasty Generalization34.2%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.0%The Dispatch: 0.1%Red Herring0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.0%The Dispatch: 0.1%Bandwagon0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 2.1%The Dispatch: 2.7%Appeal to Emotion0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.0%The Dispatch: 0.8%Begging the Question0.0%This article: 61.6%Nick Catoggio: 3.1%The Dispatch: 1.6%Post Hoc (False Cause)61.6%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.0%The Dispatch: 0.1%Tu Quoque0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.0%The Dispatch: 0.5%Burden of Proof0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.0%The Dispatch: 0.2%Appeal to Nature0.0%This article: 34.2%Nick Catoggio: 0.9%The Dispatch: 0.3%Composition/Division34.2%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 2.2%The Dispatch: 1.1%Anecdotal0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.0%The Dispatch: 0.2%No True Scotsman0.0%This article: 4.1%Nick Catoggio: 1.1%The Dispatch: 1.7%Ambiguity (Equivocation)4.1%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.0%The Dispatch: 0.0%Gambler’s Fallacy0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.0%The Dispatch: 0.2%Middle Ground0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.6%The Dispatch: 0.3%Personal Incredulity0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.0%The Dispatch: 0.1%Special Pleading0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.0%The Dispatch: 0.3%Genetic Fallacy0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.6%The Dispatch: 1.3%Unattributed Quote0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 0.0%The Dispatch: 0.8%Quote-first Misdirection0.0%This article: 100.0%Nick Catoggio: 14.7%The Dispatch: 7.1%Biased Writer Voice100.0%This article: 34.2%Nick Catoggio: 0.9%The Dispatch: 1.2%Indoctrination34.2%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 2.4%The Dispatch: 1.5%Politically Left Leaning Bias0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 1.0%The Dispatch: 1.1%Politically Right Leaning Bias0.0%This article: 0.0%Nick Catoggio: 14.9%The Dispatch: 5.8%Attempt to Sell a Product or S…0.0%

73 words analyzed.

Speakers

No attributed speakers were identified in this analysis.

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Analysis

Hover over highlighted words in the article to view the associated bias or fallacy analysis.