BS Summary: This article contains 28 faulty reasoning types, including Indoctrination, Unattributed Quote, and Quote-first Misdirection, with Appeal to Emotion as the most egregious example at 26.1% saturation with 182 hits. Analysis detected 1,404 faulty-reasoning hits from 696 analyzed words, generating a BS Score of 47.7% and a BS Rank of 45% (12,094 of 21,887 articles). This article is better (less manipulative) than 55.30% of the article peer group.

On July 2, 1776, the Second Continental Congress approved the following resolution: 
That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved. 
The public statement of these sentiments occurred two days later, memorialized in our Declaration of Independence. 
John Adams wrote to his wife Abigail describing his thoughts about that day: 
The Second Day of July 1776, will be the most memorable Epocha, in the history of America. 
I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated, by succeeding Generations, as the great anniversary Festival. 
It ought to be commemorated, as the Day of Deliverance by solemn Acts of Devotion to God Almighty. 
It ought to be solemnized with Pomp and Parade with Shows, Games, Sports, Guns, Bells, Bonfires and Illuminations from one End of this Continent to the other from this Time forward forever more. 
Our nation has settled on the 4th of July as the official day to celebrate our independence and it remains right to marvel at this most memorable Epocha in the history of humanity. 
It is proper and appropriate to celebrate our great anniversary Festival, during our semiquincentennial and every year. 
It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade from one end of our continent to the other. 
It must be commemorated with solemn acts of devotion, shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations while being diligently taught to our children. 
Interestingly, in addition to unanimously adopting the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress also formed a committee consisting of Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and John Adams to design the seal of our newly declared independent nation. 
Their designs were ultimately tabled, with a completely new design finally adopted in 1782. 
Their drafts, however, powerfully reveal a mindset that dominated the founder’s motivations and perspectives about independence. 
They saw their courageous act in that moment of time as a Day of Deliverance. 
Franklin’s draft of the national seal displayed images of Moses and God’s people in a position of safety on the far side of the Red Sea, with Pharaoh and his men being overwhelmed by the waters. 
A pillar of fire is central to this design, designating the source of power and strength for God’s people. 
His recommended motto: Rebellion to Tyrants is Obedience to God. 
Jefferson created a draft with a similar theme, displaying the children of Israel in the Wilderness. 
In his depiction, they were led by a pillar of cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night, demonstrating a powerful image from Exodus 13:21-22: 
And the LORD went before them by day in a pillar of a cloud, to lead them the way; and by night in a pillar of fire, to give them light; to go by day and night: He took not away the pillar of the cloud by day, nor the pillar of fire by night, from before the people. 
Our Founders saw their departure from British rule as an analogue of the flight of the Israelites from Egypt  observed by some as “the master story of human freedom.” 
These rebels understood that their revolutionary pursuits and our nation’s independence would only be successful by trusting in God’s direction, day and night. 
We were on a journey of deliverance away from bondage and toward the promised land of liberty. 
Our ultimate success must be buoyed by a spirit of dependence and humility. 
Today, our ultimate success depends upon the same. 
They are the pillars of our success  may we never forget it. 
United States Air Force Brig. 
Gen. 
John Teichert (Ret.) is a leading expert on foreign affairs and military strategy. 
He served as commander of Joint Base Andrews and Edwards Air Force Base, was the U.S. senior defense official to Iraq, and recently retired as the assistant deputy undersecretary of the Air Force for international affairs. 
A prolific author and speaker, he can be followed at johnteichert.com and on LinkedIn. 
Article reasoning-pattern comparisonThis article: 10.3%John Teichert: 7.5%RealClearPolitics: 4.9%Confirmation Bias10.3%This article: 0.0%John Teichert: 0.0%RealClearPolitics: 1.0%Anchoring Bias0.0%This article: 1.9%John Teichert: 0.5%RealClearPolitics: 2.3%Availability Heuristic1.9%This article: 2.7%John Teichert: 1.3%RealClearPolitics: 1.0%Representativeness Heuristic2.7%This article: 0.0%John Teichert: 0.0%RealClearPolitics: 1.3%Hindsight Bias0.0%This article: 2.3%John Teichert: 1.2%RealClearPolitics: 3.1%Overconfidence Bias2.3%This article: 3.2%John Teichert: 2.5%RealClearPolitics: 6.8%Framing Effect3.2%This article: 0.0%John Teichert: 0.0%RealClearPolitics: 0.4%Loss Aversion0.0%This article: 4.7%John Teichert: 1.2%RealClearPolitics: 0.3%Status Quo Bias4.7%This article: 0.0%John Teichert: 0.0%RealClearPolitics: 0.4%Sunk Cost Effect0.0%This article: 2.6%John Teichert: 1.3%RealClearPolitics: 4.2%Optimism Bias2.6%This article: 0.0%John Teichert: 0.0%RealClearPolitics: 1.7%Pessimism Bias0.0%This article: 0.0%John Teichert: 0.0%RealClearPolitics: 8.4%Negativity Bias0.0%This article: 2.4%John Teichert: 0.6%RealClearPolitics: 1.4%Self-Serving Bias2.4%This article: 2.2%John Teichert: 0.5%RealClearPolitics: 1.2%Fundamental Attribution Error2.2%This article: 0.0%John Teichert: 0.0%RealClearPolitics: 0.0%Actor-Observer Bias0.0%This article: 7.8%John Teichert: 7.2%RealClearPolitics: 4.4%In-Group Bias7.8%This article: 0.0%John Teichert: 0.0%RealClearPolitics: 3.4%Out-Group Homogeneity Bias0.0%This article: 10.5%John Teichert: 2.6%RealClearPolitics: 1.6%Halo Effect10.5%This article: 0.0%John Teichert: 0.0%RealClearPolitics: 0.3%Horn Effect0.0%This article: 0.0%John Teichert: 0.0%RealClearPolitics: 0.1%Dunning-Kruger Effect0.0%This article: 0.0%John Teichert: 0.0%RealClearPolitics: 0.9%Recency Bias0.0%This article: 7.2%John Teichert: 1.8%RealClearPolitics: 0.9%Primacy Effect7.2%This article: 0.0%John Teichert: 0.0%RealClearPolitics: 0.0%Blind-Spot Bias0.0%This article: 0.0%John Teichert: 0.0%RealClearPolitics: 1.6%Ad Hominem0.0%This article: 0.0%John Teichert: 0.0%RealClearPolitics: 3.2%Straw Man0.0%This article: 11.4%John Teichert: 6.3%RealClearPolitics: 4.4%Appeal to Authority11.4%This article: 3.3%John Teichert: 0.8%RealClearPolitics: 3.2%False Dilemma3.3%This article: 0.0%John Teichert: 0.0%RealClearPolitics: 0.6%Slippery Slope0.0%This article: 0.0%John Teichert: 0.0%RealClearPolitics: 0.1%Circular Reasoning0.0%This article: 2.6%John Teichert: 5.0%RealClearPolitics: 13.1%Hasty Generalization2.6%This article: 5.9%John Teichert: 1.5%RealClearPolitics: 0.2%Red Herring5.9%This article: 4.7%John Teichert: 1.2%RealClearPolitics: 0.5%Bandwagon4.7%This article: 26.1%John Teichert: 10.2%RealClearPolitics: 8.4%Appeal to Emotion26.1%This article: 4.7%John Teichert: 1.2%RealClearPolitics: 2.5%Begging the Question4.7%This article: 1.1%John Teichert: 1.7%RealClearPolitics: 2.8%Post Hoc (False Cause)1.1%This article: 0.0%John Teichert: 0.0%RealClearPolitics: 0.1%Tu Quoque0.0%This article: 0.0%John Teichert: 0.0%RealClearPolitics: 0.3%Burden of Proof0.0%This article: 0.0%John Teichert: 0.0%RealClearPolitics: 0.0%Appeal to Nature0.0%This article: 0.0%John Teichert: 0.0%RealClearPolitics: 0.8%Composition/Division0.0%This article: 2.2%John Teichert: 0.5%RealClearPolitics: 1.8%Anecdotal2.2%This article: 0.0%John Teichert: 0.0%RealClearPolitics: 0.4%No True Scotsman0.0%This article: 7.0%John Teichert: 1.8%RealClearPolitics: 1.2%Ambiguity (Equivocation)7.0%This article: 0.0%John Teichert: 0.0%RealClearPolitics: 0.0%Gambler’s Fallacy0.0%This article: 0.0%John Teichert: 0.0%RealClearPolitics: 0.1%Middle Ground0.0%This article: 0.0%John Teichert: 0.0%RealClearPolitics: 0.0%Personal Incredulity0.0%This article: 0.0%John Teichert: 0.0%RealClearPolitics: 0.0%Special Pleading0.0%This article: 2.3%John Teichert: 0.6%RealClearPolitics: 0.2%Genetic Fallacy2.3%This article: 20.8%John Teichert: 5.6%RealClearPolitics: 1.2%Unattributed Quote20.8%This article: 17.5%John Teichert: 5.5%RealClearPolitics: 1.8%Quote-first Misdirection17.5%This article: 8.2%John Teichert: 4.2%RealClearPolitics: 4.9%Biased Writer Voice8.2%This article: 24.0%John Teichert: 21.1%RealClearPolitics: 5.2%Indoctrination24.0%This article: 0.0%John Teichert: 0.0%RealClearPolitics: 1.3%Politically Left Leaning Bias0.0%This article: 0.0%John Teichert: 1.2%RealClearPolitics: 4.9%Politically Right Leaning Bias0.0%This article: 2.0%John Teichert: 1.0%RealClearPolitics: 1.3%Attempt to Sell a Product or S…2.0%

696 words analyzed.

Speakers

6speakers43%attributed speech395writer words
Voice mapSelect a segment to jump to its words
Writer's voice • 5 words • 0.0% coverageorganization • 12 words • 0.0% coverageorganization • 46 words • 100.0% coverageWriter's voice • 16 words • 0.0% coverageJohn Adams • 13 words • 0.0% coverageJohn Adams • 17 words • 100.0% coverageJohn Adams • 18 words • 0.0% coverageJohn Adams • 18 words • 100.0% coverageJohn Adams • 33 words • 100.0% coverageWriter's voice • 33 words • 0.0% coverageWriter's voice • 17 words • 100.0% coverageWriter's voice • 18 words • 100.0% coverageWriter's voice • 24 words • 100.0% coverageorganization • 41 words • 100.0% coverageWriter's voice • 14 words • 0.0% coverageWriter's voice • 16 words • 100.0% coverageWriter's voice • 15 words • 0.0% coverageBenjamin Franklin • 36 words • 0.0% coverageWriter's voice • 19 words • 0.0% coverageBenjamin Franklin • 10 words • 100.0% coverageThomas Jefferson • 16 words • 0.0% coverageWriter's voice • 27 words • 0.0% coverageWriter's voice • 59 words • 100.0% coverageWriter's voice • 30 words • 100.0% coverageWriter's voice • 23 words • 100.0% coverageWriter's voice • 17 words • 0.0% coverageWriter's voice • 13 words • 100.0% coverageWriter's voice • 8 words • 100.0% coverageWriter's voice • 13 words • 100.0% coverageUnited States Air Force • 5 words • 0.0% coverageWriter's voice • 1 words • 0.0% coverageWriter's voice • 13 words • 0.0% coverageJohn Teichert • 36 words • 0.0% coverageWriter's voice • 14 words • 100.0% coverage
Selected voice

organization

88%flagged-word coverage
99 attributed words33% of attributed speech92% writer coverage
0%25.0%50.0%Quote-first Misdirection+31.5 ptsWriter: 14.9%organization: 46.5%46.5%Unattributed Quote+23.9 ptsWriter: 22.5%organization: 46.5%46.5%Biased Writer Voice+37.4 ptsWriter: 4.1%organization: 41.4%41.4%Indoctrination-29.4 ptsWriter: 29.4%organization: 0.0%0.0%Attempt to Sell a Product -3.5 ptsWriter: 3.5%organization: 0.0%0.0%

Attribution is sentence-level. Pattern percentages are calculated only from words assigned to that voice.

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Analysis

Hover over highlighted words in the article to view the associated bias or fallacy analysis.